The International Labour Migration Economics Essay

The International Labour Migration Economics EssayThere has been considerable see abtaboo the effect of increased labour migration from developing countries to developed nations. Many commentators have argued that such increase in migration is informed by economic factors and that those who reincarnate from developing countries drain the human capital resources of sending nations which in the long run, negatively affects their economy. On the other hand, other scholars believe that migration helps the economy of developing countries as the incomes they receive by way of remittances contribute significantly to reducing poverty and their gross domestic product GDP Moin Siddiqi, 2008. lot move for various reasons, which may be as a result of civil wars, un practice session, changes payable to the environment, or to break their standard of living. Sociologists on the other hand, have long analysed migration in terms of the pull -pull models (A project of the Levin Institute, n.d, p .8.) The model differentiates between push factors that drive people to leave their root word countries from pull factors that attract migrants to other countries or new locations. Migration has always been a dominating fact of our everyday life Kathleen Beegle and Carlo Azzarri 2004 and mankind has always lived with it even in biblical times. For example, Jacob, the father of Joseph and members of his family left Cannaan for Egypt because of severe famine that swept by means of and through the middle-east belt where they lived at that time The Bible, Genesis 45.ii Outline of the paperIn discussing the reasons for migration, the essay will first and foremost attempt to define migration and why it happens by examining push and pull factors which sociologists refer to as the main reasons for migration and their effect on sending nations. The essay will further discuss the empirical effects of migration on sending nations during the last 20 years.iii Organisation of the essayThe essa y will be organized around four sections namelyWhat is migration?Why does it happen? experimental effects of migration on sending countries.ConclusionSection 11.0 What is migration?Migration is the movement of persons from one country or location to a nonher. Migration is common to all living creatures and it is oftentimes done for survival and economic reasons by those seeking to move. For example, some birds migrate fit to W. Alice Boyle and Courtney J. Conway in the report of their research findings, explained that it is not just whether you eat insects, termites, ambrosia or candy bars or where you eat them, it matters how reliable that food source is from day to day. In the case of humans, the orb Bank estimates that there be currently 200 million people living in countries where they were not born Russel, nd The global mobility of skil guide workers has increased in recent years according to the report due to the expansion of the knowledge economy, the progressive globali zation of markets and companies, the growing demand for scarce skills and wider political and economic issues. This increase in global mobility is a practical reality of the inter-independence that affects us all and is not necessarily a problem except where critical skills needed by source countries are disordered and are not readily replaced a brain drain Myburgh, 2002.1.1 Migration BarriersMigrations come in legal and illegal forms and while countries seek and promote integrated markets through liberalization of trade and investment, they have largely resisted liberalizing migration policies. Many countries have extensive legal barriers preventing foreigners from entering for purposes of seeking work or residency according to World Bank in its report Globalisation, Growth, and Poverty. In fact, immigration policies across the world are getting tighter as governments attempt to limit the economic, cultural and security squeeze of large movement of people from one country to anot her. Despite the reluctance of governments to liberalise immigration policy, the number of people living outside their country of course is rising. (A project of the Levin Institute, n.d, p.2). According to the 2010 United Nations Human Development Report, migrants account for approximately 3.1 percent of the world population as of 2010.Section 22.0 Why people migrateA poll conducted by Gallup Polls across 82 countries revealed that to a greater extent than one in four participants displayed a desire to move abroad. The figure when dress together, represents a median of about 26 percent. In certain countries, such as Sierra Leone, Ghana and Nigeria, more than half of participants surveyed give tongue to they wanted to emigrate. On the debase end, participants in Thailand 8%, Australia 8%, and Saudi Arabia 1% displayed nearly no desire to emigrate A project of the Levin Institute, n.d, p.2.People migrate for various reasons, bringing back what I said earlier when I mentioned a fe w reasons, which may be as a result of civil wars, unemployment, environmental or climatic changes or to improve their standard of living. The major two reasons encouraging an individual to migrate can be divided into push or pull factors. The former refers to circumstances which boost migrants to leave the country of origin while the latter refers to the attraction that make migrants leave for a particular destination country because of the special skills and technical facts of life the migrant possesses which the developed country may be lacking in quantity Gbemiga Bamidele, 2001 check date.2.1 Push FactorsPush factors come in many forms. sometimes these factors leave people with no choice but to leave their country of origin. Following are three examples of push factors that drive people to emigrate from their home country.a Unemployment/Poverty Economics provides the main reason behind migration. In fact, according to the International Labour Organization, about half of the to tal population of current migrants, coulomb million women and men migrant workers, have left home to find better job and lifestyle opportunities for their families. In some countries jobs simply do not exist for a great deal of the population. In others, the gap between the rewards of labor in the sending and receiving country are great enough so as to warrant a move. The unemployment situation in developing countries is a big problem to youths who have left schools waiting to be engaged in the labour market and the various governments who find it difficult to find a solution to it.In Morocco for example, unemployment which represented less than 17% of the economic causes of exile in the lead 1960, far behind the search for a more moneymaking work 50% or the improvement of the living standard 25% became the principal economic cause of emigration in the 90s. According to the data collected by Hamdrouch 2000, 41% of answers ? indicate unemployment as the first cause of emigration whereas the search for a more lucrative work and the improvement of the standard of living represent 38% and 14% respectively as the reasons for emigration Fida Karam, Bernard Decaluwe, 2007.In Kenya, it is reported that people are inefficient to contribute to the economic growth, not because they are weak, but because they are unable due to lack of jobs. Those who are qualified, willing and dedicated are unable to dear themselves a job. Another reason for unemployment is the low education level of a large percentage of the population. Because they lack the technical knowledge and cannot specialize in carrying out roles in factories they, for example, are unable to secure a job. Another is the high population growth rate which also is a major factor that has make Kenya not to secure jobs because of the high competition and fewer jobs Patrick Kioko Katli, 2000.?.In Nigeria, the two decades of economic stagnation and micro-economic instability, corruption and poor resource managemen t, most Nigerians especially new-fashioned people consider migration as a panacea to economic problems. In recent years, there has been unprecedented rate of rural-urban migration and emigration into other countries of Africa, Europe and America. For example, due to migration and subsequent urban growth, Lagos a city in Nigeria, which did not appear in the list of fifteen largest cities in 1950, occupied the fifteenth position in 1955 and is expected to jump to number three position in 2015 with over 24 million inhabitants Toredo, 1997. As regards movement outside Nigeria, there has been a unusual increase in emigration to Europe, North America, the Middle East and South Africa from the 1980s following economic down-turn, introduction of liberalisation measures and emergence of repressive soldiers dictatorship Adedokun, 2003. Thousands of professionals, especially scientists, academics, and those in the medical fields have emigrated mainly to Western Europe, the United States of America and the Persian Gulf States. At the same time, botchy Nigerians with little education have gone abroad to work as street cleaners, security guards, taxi drivers and factory hands. In Southern Nigeria, for example, between 50 and 80 percent of households have at least one migrant member Bah et al, 2003. Migration is considered essential to achieving success and young men who do not migrate or commute to town or abroad are often labelled as idle and may become object of ridicule.India has recently experient a surge in emigration due to a combination of these factors. Indias unemployed have never been properly estimated, but they could total 100 million, with a further annual job loss rate of around 10 million as the global recession continues to take its toll on the Indian economy. Globalisation. The number of skilled workers coming out of Indian universities has never been higher. Meanwhile, the number of domestic jobs available to them is minimal. Only about 0.7m jobs a ye ar have been created in the past few years, most of them in the public sector. This will not keep skilled workers in the country. Many instead go to the United States, where their skills and their lower wage demands are sought after by high-tech companies. In fact, about 40 percent of recent immigrants from India to the U.S. have been accepted due to employment based preferences, thus showing the high degree of American corporations demand for Indian skilled labor. As the population grows at 20 million per year, and more and more students graduate from technical universities, India may experience a great deal more emigration.b Civil Strife/ War/ Political and Religious PersecutionPeople also migrate to avoid civil strife, war, political and religious persecution in their own country. For example, when there was widespread political unrest in Albania which eventually led to war in 1999, there was mass exodus of people from the country, which by 2001 had led to one sixth, possibly eve n one fifth of the countrys population expiration abroad. Initially, people left by sea to Italy and move to other European destinations, including the UK. Eugenia Markova.