Operations Management Comparison: DHL and FedEx Essay

Introduction Business logistics solutions have come a long way since the utilization of the postal system for trade purposes during the Industrial Rphylogenesis. Its importance in achieving fellowship coatings of efficiency and profitability for the current bodied industries as well as several other(a)s can be pointed erupt as an evidence of the evolution of stage business logistics in the past years.During the peacetime era shortly right after the bite World war marked for the emergence of various forms of businesses and thitherby increasing as well the need for faster and effective logistics solutions that bequeath satisfy the needs of these emerging industries. This signaled the surfacing of companies that preciseally raise business logistics solutions with the primary goal of enabling companies meet their respective corporate objectives and thereby creating a occurrence perseverance in itself. through the years, the range of work that these logistics companies off er grew from simple overnight parcel deliveries to sore sophisticated and complex services along with the ever increasing demands of the market which could substantiate the current market situations of our time (Averbook, 2005). In this particular service industry, a couple of firms that predominantly provide business logistics solutions to certain businesses came into view as industry leaders. Both of these service providers offer their clients a wide range of services that cater to a specific purpose and need.The evolution that has been evident in the industry can specifically be attributed to these service providers federal official Express and DHL. Comparison of Company Mission Statements One specific reason as to how both business logistics solution providers, DHL and FedEx has reached their status as industry leaders among various firms that atomic number 18 in like manner engaged in the very(prenominal) line of business is because of their commitment in proving services th at caters specifically to every needs of their clients. For instance, what started out as an undergraduate thesis at Yale University came out to become a beau monde of firsts this line of business.federal official Express which has changed its figure into FedEx that most of us know of today, officially started out operations in 1973 delivering parcels from bare-ass York to Florida (FedEx History, 2006). FedExs mission statement states that the company will revolutionize global business practices that will define speed and reliability. Federal Express, through the years, did just that. The companys particular ability to provide high value-added supply chain, as well as effective packages that also covers the transportation while relating randomness and business itself through specific operating companies.This was coupled with the assurance to every market segment they sue of the highest degree of quality in services. This has caused the development of harmonious relationships be tween its company clients and partners without sacrificing the issue of safety in its processes. Another American service provider, DHL, has pretty much the same mission statements as that of FedEx which aims primarily to instigate their clients in achieving high quality and swift services that could improve company performance (Press absolve, 2006).DHL attributes this to their expertise and knowledge of both local anaesthetic and global customer needs and demands. This emphasis on the importee of culture helps DHL provide an outstanding service in all levels of business specifications. Furthermore, unmatch fitting matter erratic about DHLs mission statement is the inclusion of concern not only for their clients and partners but as well as for the environment and their employees. This signifies the particular social responsibility that the company adheres itself to. incorporated Strategy Comparisons Corporate strategies employed by both companies also played a major role in e stablishing itself into the service providers that they are nowadays. For instance, these strategies have delimitate industry standards that were proved to become the benchmark other similar business logistic solutions providers offer for their clients (Financial Results, 2006). For the part of DHL, the companys primary commitment to communities wherein their work is defined has helped a lot in increasing company services.Their advertisements that particularly emphasize on the knowledge of local traditions and beliefs have proven to be effective that even FedEx ran a similar advertisement about the same concept. The execution of such particular concept is necessary since the nature of the business is basically done in a cross country approach. Additionally, the promotion of DHLs employees social commitment caps off the intent of the company to become a holistic service provider whose concerns stretch out not only for salary but also for social consciousness (DHL Company History, 2 005).On the other hand, FedExs corporate strategy involves an array of techniques that they have well utilized over the years that they used to their own advantage. These strategies are designed to be implemented simultaneously along with other operating management standpoints. First up is the ability of FedEx to work and operate independently. This particular characteristic of FedEx focuses on their independent network sources which are universe utilized to cope up with the changing preferences of their clients.A perfect example of this starts with the selection of the name itself that also connotes the tendency of its clients being patriotic. Specifically, the word federal appeals to a variety of clients who could easily attach the company name with the system of governance. Second is the capability of the firm to compete jointly by uniting as one organization that works for one objective under one name. For instance, FedEx has only one advertising delegacy that they hire so as to consolidate advertisements and reduce costs.Another tactic that they instituted in their organization is the strategic choice of headquarters which is in Memphis, Tennessee. The location of the city makes it possible for the service provider to be able to reach out to several cities in such a short span of time. The capability of FedEx to collectively tackle the market is also one of the major reasons why the firm has been a trend-setter in most asp viperects of the business. As a matter of fact, recent company acquisitions that FedEx made provided an avenue for the company to balloon its services into a variety of offerings.The services that they offered significantly grew from the traditional overnight parcel deliveries up to 3PL logistics, designate mail services, and e-commerce among others. This proves the point that the existence of both service providers improved and redefined the efficiency of the service industry for it betrothed itself to the changing demands and pr eferences of the market which is at the same time adept with the current market trends. Last thing is the ability of FedEx to manage its resources collaboratively.As one of their publicity goes, the FedEx team works together to sustain trusty relationships among themselves and instill in them the camaraderie that is inherent with a group. This particular strategy is quite important so as to create a harmonious working environment wherein cooperation and helping out to each other is pretty evident. Company Goals and Values Both FedEx and DHL exhibit a considerable array of company goals that could deemed be useful for all the aspects of the business not mention the ability to tap all elements that makes the firms existence possible.FedEx to be particular revolves its company values around the major stakeholders that are involved with the business. Number one here is the people, clients who greatly influence the operations management of the firm and also the primary reason for the ex istence of the company. Second is the service whose maintenance of high quality affects the perception of the general public which is pivotal in achieving company objectives. Innovation comes in third wherein the needs of the clients are constantly kept in mind in devising new services which could in turn inspire or improve the way we live. one-quarter is the maintenance of company integrity in the management of operations and other aspects of the business with the use of capture behaviors towards the companys clientele as well as their co-workers. Last is the protection of company faithfulness both of the market as well as in the workplace in the belief that this would crap the company the necessary respect that it deserves. On the last note, DHL envisions itself as the service provider of choice when it comes to draw out mail services and overall logistics network (DHL, 2006).At the same time, it aims to lead the industry in the training of high standard quality services and at the same time being a favourably profitable business entity. Finally, to satisfy expectations of their stakeholders in reference to their performance in the ethical, social and environmental fields, think that the existence of both service providers do not only concern a small element but the whole components of the business as a whole. Averbook, J. (2005).Linking Performance to Corporate Missions Retrieved December 13, 2006, from http//www. wpsmag. com/content/templates/wps_article. asp? articleid=146&zoneid=19 DHL. (2006). DHL Mission, Vision, and Values. Retrieved December 13, 2006, from http//www. dhl. com/publish/etc/medialib/g0/downloads/general. Par. 0028. File. tmp/vision. pdf DHL Company History. (2005). Retrieved December 13, 2006, from http//www. dhl. com/publish/g0/en/about/history/history2. high. hypertext markup language FedEx History. (2006).FedEx Express. Financial Results. (2006). Retrieved December 13, 2006, from http//www. fedex. com/us/investorrelations/dow nloads/annualreport/2004annualreport_financials. pdf? link=4 Geneveive. (2005). Famous Quotations. Retrieved December 13, 2006, from http//www. famous-quotations. com/forum/forum_posts. asp? TID=193&PN=6 Press Release. (2006). Retrieved December 13, 2006, from http//www. dhl-usa. com/about/pr/PRDetail. asp? nav=AboutAirborne/CompanyInfo/PressReleases&seq=262.

Car Accidents Essay

I. The schoolchild northward has the following objectives for a bust university.A. Enhance the unity among students and strengthen the ties between them and other peniss of university community.B. extend the culture and support the workation of Active Working Groups (AWGs) and student associations, and coordinating work between them and supporting(a) their activities by providing monetary support and manpower if needed.C. Work on solving the problems of students and provide a better university life within the university and beyond.D. Discuss the problems of the students and propose solutions to them, with the concerned officials and care after the rights and interests of students.E. Expressing the studentcommunitys opinion on national and international levels.F. Discover the talents and abilities of the students, help them refine their Skills, enhance their leadership skills and encourage them to benefit their society.II. The formation of the scholarly person articulation consists of a Student Council, six committees, Presidential Cabinet, Senate, Clubs Coordination delegacy (CCC), and the Student married couple Partnership Office (SU PO). (Show slide and pass out the brochures) A. The Student Council is the students voice and it is concerned with their opinion on all matter and decisions directly related to them. Its formation is1. The Faculty northward which is responsible for looking after from each one ability needs. It consists of two members from each capability in each committee. There are a President and a Faculty Treasurer for each faculty elected directly by students. 2. The University marrow which is responsible for looking after the university needs. It consists of one member from each faculty in each committee. There is a head for each committee elected internally by the members of each Committee.3. In each committee the three members are from three different Academic years.4. The elections for the gritty board is required whic h is done within the student council itself. It consists of the Presidential Cabinet, six heads of the committees of the University sum and six faculty presidents from the Faculty Union.5. The Student Council committees are as followsa. Scientific & Technological Activities Committee holds workshops and lectures take awaying at developing the scientific and technological abilities.b. Culture, Arts & Political Awareness Committee supports and organizes cultural and artistic activities seminars, conferences, exhibitions, debates and all forms of political activities.c. formulation & Resources Committee which is responsible for preparing the needed resources for the events. It also helps to plan and organize the events.d. Sports Committee supports and organizes training programs, tournaments and all forms of frolicky activities.e. Trips & Social activities Committee organizes educational and entertainment trips.f. Public & Environmental Services strive to increase environmental awa reness between students and organize events and activities.B. The Presidential Cabinet of theStudent Union manages the affairs of the Student Union and supervises its progress. It is tasked with1. Acting as chief representative and spokesperson of the Student Union.2. Ensuring that all committees are functioning right on and fulfilling their duties.3. Ensuring that the objectives of the Student Union are realized.4. Calling at least two general meetings every semester, attended by all Student Union members including members of the Senate.5. Calling weekly meetings to discuss the progress of work in the Student Union.6. After the new President is elected the former President has to handle all the properties of Student Union such as the Student Union room and its belongings, the official page on facebook, the netmail7. The Presidential Cabinet consists of four core positions. They are as followsa. Vice-President which is responsible for fulfilling any tasks of the Student Union Pres ident that are delegated to him/her or that the President is unable to perform.b. Treasurer which is responsible for the Student Union budget, its financial statements and its financial affairs.c. Vice-President for Events & Student Activities which is responsible for coordinating the events between the different entities in the Student Union and between the Student Union and the Clubs Coordination Committee.d. Vice-President for Planning and Resource which is responsible for conducting a timeline for the Student Union events, and providing the resources needed.C. The Student Union Partnership Office consists of the Student Union President and the six heads of the University Union Committees. It aims to form a bond between the Student Union in the university and Student Unions of foreign universities, to exchange information, experiences & educational programs.D. The Senate consists of two elected members from each faculty each given the title Senator. The Senate is responsible for evaluating the performance of the Student Union members and recommending corrective action where and if needed.E. The Clubs Coordination Committees purpose is to aid clubs to prepare with each other and it reports directly to the Student Union president. It consists of a representative of every club in the university delegated by heads, Vice president of events and activities, and director of youth welfare.III. There are some rules and regulations for the nominee.A. Not beneath probation.B. No history of disciplinary actions.C. Not been terminated from the previous Student Union. D. Paid the Student Union annual fees.E. Spent at least two semesters as students at the GUC. F. Not a member of any active working group.CONCLUSIONI. SummaryA. The Student Unions main aim is to discuss the problems of the students and propose solutions to them.B. The Student Union consists of Student council, six committees, Presidential Cabinet, Senate, Clubs Coordination Committee (CCC), and the Studen t Union Partnership Office.C. The solution is to select for the most suitable nominee and attend the debates in order to choose the best program provided by the nominees for a better university life.II. ClincherA. Please vote to support the students right.B. Campaigns and a booth are held to show the importance of voting for the Student Union.BIBLIOGRAPHYBy-Laws of the General throng of the Student Union in the German University in Cairo 2013 Student Union Bylaws presentation

A Syudy on Fast Food

SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE. GROUP WORK SOCIAL REFORMATION CHAPTER star INTRODUCTION 1. 0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Dunn, Mohr, Wilson and Wittert (2007) argued that the definition of strong solid nutrient is inconsistent even inwardly a simple sample. This has eitherowed transgressicipants to define abstain fodder from list of different feed items. The common board items at ready aliment restaurants let in fish and chips, sandwiches, hamburgers, fried chicken, French fries, chicken nuggets, tacos, pizza, hot dogs, and chicken feed cream (Ayse, Lale & Metin, 2007). frequentlyover thither argon studies done at Berkeley University in 2009, the closer people live to a libertine fodder restaurant, the higher their risk of becoming obese (Davis, 2011). Although, people indicated a very giving definition of straightaway regimen when asked what style of feeds classified as tumultuous provender(including burgers, fish and chips, m sweep away pies and pasties and brought (sand-wiches), when discussing unshak suitable intellectual nourishment, they gave example which foc utilise only on traditional loyal regimen items a great deal(prenominal) as burgers and chips from hulking franchises.Fast intellectual nourishment check to the Oxford Dictionary of Contemporary English- is hot victuals that is served very quickly in superfluous restaurant and much coachn a r come erupte to be eaten in the streets. Equally, lush nutrient is the term habituated to food that roll in the hay be prepargond and served with busted preparation time. The food is interchange in a restaurant or store with preheated geting ingredients and served to the customers in a packold age general anatomy for take-out or take away. The term Fast Food was recognized by Merriam-Webster in 1951.In as much as the vastness of riotous food in contemporary party can non be overemphasized, it is pertinent to tilt focus to the governme nt issue of spendthrift food, and how it became pivotal in feeding and satiating the society to a remarkable extent. The historical ferocitye of quick food can be traced to urban development. The development was deeply rooted in sociological inevitability. Further much(prenominal), in the Middle Ages, large towns and study urban aras such as London and Paris supported vendors that exchange dishes such as pies, pastries, pancakes, wafers and desexualiseed meats.In Roman cities during the antiquity, 1 many of these establishments catered for those who had no direction to cook on their own. Travelers, as well such as pilgrims en route to a holy site were among the customers. The United acres and United States also had notable developments in the unwaveringing food sphere, following the advent of the World state of war I. Equally, as fast food issuings became frequent and more affordable, drive in restaurants were introduced, alongside franchising in 1921 by A & W Roo t Beer which franchised distinctive syrup.In the traditional African society, Fast Food as an constitution is equally evident. There give been hawkers of fast food items in these societies since time immemorial, and these view as evolved into restaurants and fast food waivers. Fast food outlets existed in the traditional Nigeria society. The corner seller of Suya, Akara (fried bean cake), roasted plantain, Fried yam, roasted corn has been an age old feature of many Nigeria towns serving snacks for those on the go for everyone from little children to hunt downing(a) adults.While traditional fast food delicacies still remain as well as mobile grocery store fast food vendors, what has contributed significantly to the growth of fast food outlets in Nigeria has been increased urbanization and changing work roles. Since the 1960s, (U. S Library of congress), Nigeria has had one of the fastest population growth set out in the world. In 2010, al about half of all the population liv es in the cities. As more people choose to decide in Nigeria crowded cities, the time to prepare meals has become more demanding.With more women joining the work force, their traditional roles have changed. This can further be beg offed by single(a)ization thesis by Beck- Gernshein, (1998). Fast food can also be found in every nook and cranny of Nigeria, Tertiary founding like Obafemi Awolowo University is not an exception to this phenomenon of fast food. The example of contemporary and traditional fast food outlets such as Forks and Fingers, Ban allow for, sell contemporary meals tour traditional meals such as Suya, Eba and Egusi soup, Semo are sold inwardly OAU CAMPUS.The view as going of fast food outlets on campus has f prickalists that go it these factors are dependent on the student sparing status, family soil, genders, e. t. c. 2 1. 1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM There is a general assumption in the Nigeria society that potents plunk for fast food outlets more, thi s assumption is backed up by the evokeist patterning of share of excavate (Bem, 1993 Friedan 1963 Lorber, 1994 Pateman, 1999 A. Rossi, 1964 Schaeffer, 2001). This study seeks to establish the kind of correlation existing mingled with gender and hold up of fast food outlet.Many observers are quick to point at the frugal gap among the rich and poor and the rich. collectable to the unequal statistical distribution of resources in the study, some people do not have the access to these resources. In the computer backup of fast food outlet, there are different fast food on campus, the enumerate at which students condescend one fast food outlet the another(prenominal)s varies for example forks and fingers vary with the rate at which they patrons Banwill. This finding seeks to explore if the socio-economic status of students is a determinant of fast food affirm on campus.The rate at which students patronize Banwill which is more expensive than others like forks and fingers vari es. This is as a result of unequal distribution of economic resources in the society. Neverthe slight, both the students from low and high income family still patronize fast food outlet disrespect their difference in socio economic status. 1. 2 RESEARCH QUESTION The interrogation questions include the following 1. To what extent does family background find out students backup man of fast food outlets? 2. How does gender influence the bear of fast food outlets? . How does income train affect fast food outlets stick out? 3 1. 3 OBJECTIVES The broad objective of this enquiry is to look at the loving correlates of fast food outlet patronage among OAU students. In achieving the broad objective of this look into, the specific objective is to 1. Determine the extent to which family background affects students patronage. 2. pronounce if gender can influence student patronage of fast food outlets. 3. Determine if the income take aim of students can affect their patronage of fast f ood outlet. 1. 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThis study will suspensor to draw the attention on the reasons why OAU students patronize fast food outlets, it will also explain the gender differences in the patronage of fast food outlets, it will help to understanding the adverse set up of arch(a) fast food outlets, it will further explain the rationale behind varied opinions on sparing point of students time or hours preparedness for themselves. The findings will assist in understanding the Socio-economic influence that pre-dispose students from different family background to patronize or not patronize fast food outlets. CHAPTER TWO publications REVIEW Base on previous studies there are insufficiency of studies regarding on fast food consumption locally and there are limited information on these study. Most of the studies regarding on fast food were studied at well developed foremostign countries. In addition, there are lack of fast food seek specifically consider the attribute of the consumer preference and consumption pattern. For example law, Hui, and Zhao (2004) showed that sta attitude, food quality and variety and environment ignificantly affect customers satisfaction in fast food outlet. Pettijohn and luke (1997) found that quality, cleanliness and apprise to be three nigh important attribute in fast food restaurants, while airwave and menu variety were relatively unimportant. When consumer considered the convenience and prices of take place, the utilitarian value (task specific and economical grammatical construction of product and services) of alimentation out plays an important role in restaurant evaluation and selection (Johns and Pine,2002Park,2004).However these research do not specifically consider the attribute of consumers who show preferences for fast food product such as important of fast food, consumers concern on health and diseases and child preference of fast food and outlets. Fast food have become an omnipresent part of the mov ing consumer Goods (FMCG) sector in most development is relatively a new phenomenon that has occurred mainly over three to four decades (Anon, 2007). Fast food is define as ready-to-eat dishes sold by commercial establishment that whitethorn or whitethorn not have on site dinning accommodation ( Ozcelik,Akan&surucuoglu 200743).According to the institute of medicine,( 2006) Fast foods can also be discover as food and meals design for ready availability use or consumption. These food are sold at eating establishment focusing on quick availability or take aways These food tend to be hi in saturated fats and carbohydrates (institute of medicine, 2006). Most fast foods are high in fat and sodium and low in fibre, vitamins and some minerals (Anon 2007) Although fast food in some form of other has been the immemorial, the current fast food phenomenon beyond these contexts is relatively recent.It began in the USA in July 1912 with the open up g of the fast food restaurants called Automat in New York. This restaurant ca apply such stir and became so popular that numerous other Automat restaurants were soon built around the country. This popularity lasted through the 11920s well into the 5 1930s (Schlosser, 200215). Kang Chung abide by analysis explain that about 13. 3% of the students patronize fast food once a week about 46. 7% of the students patronize fast food twice a week, about 23. 3% of the students patronize fast food thrice a week, and the remaining 16. % patronize fast food more than thrice a week. Hence, it shows that students usually patronize fast food twice a week. Out of the students impish fast food once a week, 75% of the students are female and the remainders are male. Out of the students impish fast food more than thrice, 60% of the students are male and the remainders are female. Hence, it shows that male patronize fast food more than female. According to Okome, Mojbol Olfnk, It has been argued that pre-colonial Nigeria had a gendered division of labor. However, the nature and implication of such a division of labor is often misinterpreted.While male dominance was built into the social system of some Nigerian social groups, women played a significant and vital role in all aspects of the lives of their community For some scholars, this is referable to the complimentarily of male and female roles and functions. This explains that, from time immemorial, division of labour has been separated surrounded by male and female. Women have been saddle with the responsibility of cooking. When you come back about fast food, there are something that you mustiness not forget which is the most factor in fast food is gender.Christine Ton Nu, Patrick Macleod, Jacques Barthelemy(1996),effects of age and gender on Adolescents Food Habits and Preferences. They report Reasons among Food Quality and Preference (251-262). This study explored food habits and preferences of 222 French adolescents of 10 to 20 age old. They consummate a ques tionnaire about their eating habits and quoted 10 of their favourite and 10 of their most disliked food or beverages. They also mentioned any change in their preferences. These results show that food habits and tastes are mostly related to age and gender.Girls pay more attention to dietetics and snack less than boys. Young adolescents prefer bland and familiar foods whereas fourth-year ones learn to appreciate adult foods. As they grow older, chicken snack more, skip more meals and come along more interested in foreign foods. Before puberty teenagers reject many foods they previously liked. subsequently puberty they begin to appreciate some foods they didnt like before. Their food repertoire widens at this effect because of social and cognitive influences. 6 Schlosser, E. , (2001) pointed out the most frequently reported reason for eating at fast food outlets is quick service.Laroche and Parsa, (2000) agreed with Schlosser, E. , and said that people decide to chose fast food out lets because they were unbalanced about time. To prepare home meal food, it may take much of time to cook and served it compared to winning fast food. French S. A Et. al (2001) summaries that some people have other reason why they chose fast food outlets which might be in order for them to chose time with family, friend, by along with eating at fast food outlets, because they are quick and easy to get to and also a way of socializing with friend and family.Drewnowski and Spectre, (2000) contends that another factor that may influence consumption of fast food is by socioeconomic status. There have totally difference between people who have high payment with people who is have low wages in their life. Usually people who have low economic status, they more prefer to choose food that something not has high nutrition, but more reasonable and garish price while wealthy mortal they prefer to choose branded restaurants sort of than realized the ingredients and nutrients contain in t he food.Herman and Polivy, (1984) contradicts/protests and emphasizes that the factor that influence of fast food consumption based on residential areas. He observed that people who stay at the rural areas are less consumed of fast food rather than people who stay at urban area because urban/town residential areas are adjacent by the fast food outlets. 7 CHAPTER THREE THEORECTICAL FRAMEWORK 3. 0 INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on the surmise-based framework of the social correlate of fast food outlet among OAU students.Thus, the purpose of a rock-steady theoretical framework is to explain a granted social phenomenon and to define the interrelated concepts, definition and propositions that represent a systematic view of the subject of study (Ogunbameru 2006). Although, there are many theories that can be used, in this study, rational choice possible action and Mcdonaldization theory are employed. 3. 1 RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY quick of scent choice theory is derived from the n eo-classical economics (as well as utilitarianism and game theory, Levi et al,1990,Linden berge,2001Simpson,2007).The focus in rational theory is on actors. Actors are seen as existence purposive or as having intentionality that is actors have ends or goals towards which their actions are aimed. Actors also are seen as having preferences (or values, utilities). Of importance is the fact that action is undertaken to achieve objectives that are consistent with an actors preference hierarchy. Although, the rational choice theory starts with actors purpose or intentions, it must take into consideration at least devil major constraints on action.The first constraint is the scarcity of resources. Actors have different resources as well as differential access to other resources. The attainment of ends may be for those with lo of resources, the achievement of ends may be relatively easy. However, for those with few, if any, resources, the attainments of ends may be difficult or im attain able. link to scarcity of resources is the idea of opportunity equal (Friedman and Hechter, 1998). In pursuing a given end, actors must bind an eye on the costs of forgoing heir next-most-attractive action.A second source of constraints an individual action is social institution. The institutional constraints provide both positive encourage certain action and discourage others. Friedman and Hechter put it that individuals actions are checked from birth to death by family and groom rules, churches, synagogue and mosques, hospitals, etcetera By 8 restricting the feasible set of course of action available to the individuals, enforceable rules of the game include norms, laws, agendas etc. 3. 2 RELEVANCE OF RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY TO THE STUDYThe central theme and the main lesson that may be learnt and applicable to this study from the rational choice approach is that students have the goals or aims to achieve good grade or graduate from the university, but there are some challenges they have to go through. In a case where a student is world instructed by his or her lecturer to finish a have or assignment within a given period of time, such student will have to choose between alternative of forgoing his or her cooking time for his or her project or assignment, he or she may choose to save time by patronizing fast-food. More so, another rea of relevance to this study is that some students have the intention to forgo cooking for reading, but the resources (money) indispensable to buy the food are limited. Students always make use of this slogan Aye o Po, (i. e. No time to do anything else on campus like, cooking and other things). That is despite the differences in the income level among students they still patronize fast food outlet not minding their class in the society or social economic status. Being rational-calculative beings, the time it takes to prepare food compared to patronizing the fast food outlets has been rationally analyzed by the students.It o bviously takes more time for preparing food than patronizing the fast food outlets such as the pick of patronizing is high. Some students hold oned that it cost more to prepare food than opting to fast food centers sharp the cost of obtaining the raw food stuffs with the stress involved and the constraint of the time-table/academic course work, it appeared to them that the trump plectron available is to get their food-(prepared food) from the fast food centers on campus.In a situation where the time table does not allow leisure, for example having a class from 800am till 1200pm at a stretch, such student involved considered that the best option is to patronize the fast food joint because of nonavailability of time to cook due to the constraint created by the lecture schedule and time-table. The intention and decision by students varies i. e. ambivalent depending on the income level in term of pocket money or permissiveness gotten by the students. 9Since society is stratified, the family background of the students will be a factor that influences the decision and intention of the students. This tries to explain that humans are joy seekers according to Jeremy Bentham but the constraint from social institutions e. g. (family, peer, school, church) and the non-availability of resources due to the variance in its distribution has a major role to play in their decisions, goal attainments etc. The allowance of the students from home also contributes to the decision of patronizing the fast food outlets.For some students that claimed to have little or insufficient allowance from home, they prefer to maintain the little on them, buying raw food stuffs and reduced to cooking compare to patronizing the fast food outlets contrary to those with high and sufficient weekly or periodic allowance from home that have considered patronizing the fast food outlets as better option in so far that there is financial ability in their disposal. 3. 3 MCDONALIZATION THEORY This t heory explains that the drive towards bureaucratization and rationalization is largely motivate by profit.Companies believe they cut cost and increase profits through rationalization. The phenomenon of McDonaldization which Ritzer elicits from his analysis of McDonalds fast food restaurants encompasses both Production and consumption and is applied to a broad scope of economic, political, social and cultural artifacts and mechanisms. Ritzer is able to apply his concept to phenomenon ranging from work to leisure, from food to media, from education to politics. Such mode of post neo theory help us to critically view key social dynamics institution and bother the exemplifying the major strength of social theory.McDonalds restaurant has become a better illustration of current form of rationality and its ultimately irrational and harmful human consequences. McDonaldizations institution is part of a general drive to rationalization. 10 They aim to increase 1. Efficiency choosing the b est quickest or least difficult means to a given end. 2. Calculability Emphasis on the quantitative aspects of the product being sold. 3. Predictability involves the customer knowing what to expect from a given producer of goods and services. 4. Control A way to keep a complicated system running smoothly. . 4 RELEVANCE OF MCDONALIZATION THEORY TO THE STUDY. Using the principles of McDonalization, success has been preserve by workers, students and managers. These principles have offered students, workers, manager e. t. c. Efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. These principles will be explained and how it has applied to our study. Ritzer (1996) defines efficiency as The opti mute order for getting from one point to another. To the customer or students of fast food outlets, this means the best way of getting from being hungry to being full.In this contemporary society where all consumers varying from students, workers, lecturers, etc. are in a rush to meet up with ti ght schedules, e. g. lecture time table, compliancy of assignments and other demands of the society might turn to fast food outlets for their survival, due to the stress and time constraint faced in cooking. This can be affirmed by (Ritzer, 1996) who stressed that cooking is inefficient because it can take hours to get fed whereas traditional and continual food prepared in this fast food takes minutes and it is also efficient.In major fast food outlets, quantity ( in particular a large quantity) tends to become a surrogate for quality. (Ritzer1996). There is an emphasis on producing a high quantity, get a lot of food quickly, and the owners gets a lot of work out of their workers. However, the consumers may not get a quality eat experience, because they are rushed and they have a limited choice. 11 CALCULABILITY Great importance is given to calculability to an emphasis on quality, often to the detriment of quality. This principle explains the adverse effects of fast food outlets o n customers or students.The owners and employees of fast food outlets are majorly concerns with the quick rate of turner, with this, it affect the quality of food they produce, because they are after(prenominal) quantity and not quality. Similarly, customers are expected to spend as little time as possible in the fast food outlets. The drive through the window reduces the time to zero, but if customers desire to eat in the restaurant, the chairs may be designed to impel them to leave after about 20 minutes. (Some students go for relaxation). The emphasis from speed clearly has a negative effect on the quality of food at a fast food outlet.Also, the emphasis on how fast the work is to be done means that the customers cannot be served high quality food. PREDICTABILITY What this theory explains is that, there is an expected ways the customers are attended to by the workers of fast food outlets and there is a designed way of selling and buying in the outlet e. g. before going to buying food in forks and fingers or Iya- Ila, you have the fore- knowledge of what you expect from the fast food outlets. In these outlets, there are processes which both the customers and the outlets workers must follow in the course of their transaction.Taking Iya-Ila as example, the process in which customers order their food, the customers queue for their food, and also queue for the soup. The predictability has been able to posit that, students have the fore knowledge of what to expect from the fast food. 12 CHAPTER FOUR METHODOLOGY 4. 0 INTRODUCTION Methodology according to Oxford Dictionary of Sociology is used to refers to the methods and general approach to observational research of a particular discipline or even a particular large study, although, the term research techniques is perhaps more apt in this context.This chapter describes the place of study, the sampling technique, collection of data and processing, and problems encountered in the field. 4. 1 STUDY empyrean The r esearch work was studied in Obafemi Awolowo University campus Ile-Ife, Osun State. The focus areas are 1. faculty member area 2. Student Union Building rural area 3. Hostel area 4. New market / New Buka Area. . 4. 2 RESEARCH DESIGN Exploratory research design was used in this study. It serves the purpose of satisfying ones curiosity and desire for better understanding. It was also used to test the feasibility of understanding a more careful study. 4. 3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUEThe sampling technique used in this study is the probability or Random sampling, specifically, systematic sampling procedure to suffer at the target respondents for the study. 13 4. 4 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT In this study, quantitative instrument of data collection was used which entails administering of questionnaire. The questionnaires were divided into sections. The first section is concerned with socio-economic and demographic characteristics of respondents such as their age, marital status, religious beli ef, while the other section is about income level like school allowance, periodic allowance and additional income.The questionnaire contains both the open and close-ended questions, closeended questions constantly to find out attitudes of respondents if they patronize the fast food outlets and the positive and negative effects that prompt it. It has a closed ended questions in order to minimize irrelevant responses and also to make it easier for the respondent to answer as he or she only has to choose a category. Open ended questionnaire was also included in the questionnaire to allow more opportunity for creativity and self-expression by the respondent.It also helps to deal with complex issues that cannot be condensed into few small categories. 4. 5 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE OAU Campus is divided into areas, the areas chosen was the ACADEMIC AREA, STUDENT UNION BUILDING AREA, HOSTELS AREA and NEW mart or NEW BUKA AREA. The rationale of selection was systematic through the process of balloting, two faculties were chosen out of the 11 FACULTIES, (Faculty Law and health sciences,) five questionnaires were administered to each faculty to make it 10.Fork and fingers and fivers were chosen in the student union building area based on the food outlets are patronise by 10 questionnaires were administered each to the students to make it 20 questionnaires. The respondents chosen in the BUKA AREA and NEW BUKA MARKET were also done randomly. 10 questionnaires were administered. Two auberges were chosen by balloting, Moremi and Angola were picked, and Five questionnaires were administered to each hostels make it 10. In all, 50 questionnaires were administered to these areas. 14 4. 6 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDUREAfter the collection of data, analysis and presentation was done in order to give meanings to the raw data collected by using the statistical package for social science (SPSS). 4. 7 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING THE STUDY Many of the respondents at the initial stage comp lained that they did not have the time to fill the questionnaire and were too busy preparing for their examinations as the research was carried out during this period some opted out of the research session because they were not in the mood to fill the questionnaires. With persuasion, some filled the questionnaire.The female were ardent to answer the question, while the males felt reluctant and demanded for a tangible reward. Another problem encountered was the non response especially on the open-ended questions that requires the respondent volition to answer questions thus they filled some of the questions arbitrarily. However despite all challenges, the study achieved a great success. 15 CHAPTER FIVE DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION 5. 0 INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on the discussion, analysis and presentation of tables on the various results obtained from the survey.The discussion herein covers the socio demographic characteristics of respondent used in the survey, and a discu ssion on the three objectives to examine the extent to which family background affects students patronage to evaluate if gender can influence students patronage of fast food outlets and to determine if the income level of students affects their patronage of fast food outlet. 4. 2 Socio demographic characteristics delay 1 Age group 15-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 40-44 years Total absolute frequency 6 30 9 1 1 47 function (%) 12. 8 63. 8 19. 1 2. 1 2. 1 100. 0 Sex manly Female Total frequence 23 27 50Percentage (%) 46. 0 54. 0 100. 0 16 marital status Single Married Total absolute frequency 48 2 50 Percentage (%) 96. 0 4. 0 100. 0 Religion Christianity Muslim Traditional Total Frequency 41 8 1 50 Percentage (%) 82. 0 16. 0 2. 0 100. 0 hold over 1 shows the socio demographic characteristics of respondents used in the survey. The result obtained from students shows they fall between the age range 15-44 years old, with 12. 8 percent in 15-19 age group, 63. 8 per cent of those in 20-24 age group being the highest component part, 19. 1 percent those in ages between 25-29 years of age, 2. 1 percent of those in 30-34 years old and 40-44 years old respectively.The sex distribution includes 46. 0 percent male and 54. 0 percent female. Their marital status includes majority being single 96. 0 percent, and the married surveyed are 4. 0 percent of total surveyed population. Religious affiliations of respondents are Christianity 82. 0 percent, Muslim 16. 0 percent, and traditional 2. 0 percent. 17 4. 3 Examining the extent to which family background affects students patronage Table 2 Variables How are your meals By your mum been prepared at home? By cook By relatives Others-self, sisters Total Frequency 35 5 1 7 48 Percentage (%) 72. 10. 4 2. 1 14. 6 100. 0 If none of the options Yes above, do they give you No money to buy food at Total home? 1 1 2 50. 0 50. 0 100. 0 If yes, does it influence Yes your patronage of fast food outlets on campus 1 100. 0 How often do you cook in your hostel? Trice a solar day Once a day Twice a week Frequency 10 26 8 Percentage (%) 20. 4 53. 1 16. 3 10. 2 Others- Twice a day, 5 often, never Total 49 100. 0 18 Table 2 examines the extent to which family background affects students patronage of fast food. The result shows that meals are prepared at home by majorly by mum 72. percent, followed by cook 10. 4 percent, self and sister 14. 6 percent, and by relative 2. 1 percent. Of all the respondent only two respondents answer the question do they give you money at home, if meals are not prepare? This has a single positive and negative result of yes and no. And the one soulfulness who reported receiving money at home says it influences his or her patronage of fast food. The frequency of cooking in the hostel is reported as once a day 53. 1 percent, trice a day 20. 4 percent, twice a week 16. 3 percent, others includes twice a day, often, and never 10. 2 percent. 4. Evaluate if gender can influence s tudents patronage of fast food outlets Table 3 Variables Who do you think Male Frequency 32 15 47 Percentage (%) 68. 1 31. 9 100. 0 patronize fast food joint Female most Total State your reasons for your answer above Frequency They have no cooking 8 readiness No enough time to 10 Percentage (%) 18. 2 22. 7 devote to cooking Laziness grammatical gender role issue Taking friends out to eat Total 17 3 6 44 38. 6 6. 8 13. 6 100. 0 19 Figure 4. 3 evaluates if gender can influence students patronage of fast food. It is reported that male patronize fast food 68. 1 percent more than female 31. 9 percent.Reasons for the high patronage of fast food given are laziness especially on the part of males 38. 6 percent, accept there is no enough time to devote to cooking 22. 7 percent, lack of cooking skill 18. 2 percent, taking friends, especially girlfriends, out to eat 13. 6 percent and men believing it is tariff of a particular gender 6. 8 percent. 4. 5 Determining if the income level of stud ents can affect patronage of fast food outlet Table 4. 1 Variable How do you observe Weekly your school allowance Monthly Between monthly No response Total 1 50 2. 0 100. 0 weekly Frequency 11 26 and 12 Percentage (%) 22. 52. 0 24. 0 How much is your 2,000-5,000 12 17 20 49 24. 5 34. 7 40. 8 100. 0 monthly allowance income 6,000-10,000 higher up 10,000 Total Figure 4. 5 determines if the income level of students can affect students patronage of fast food outlet. Table 4. 1 describes the income level of surveyed respondents. This shows that majority of respondents receives their income monthly 52. 0 percent, this is followed by between weekly and monthly 24. 0 percent, weekly 22. 0 percent, the no response rate was 2. 0 percent. The reported monthly income receive by respondents are within 2,000 to 20 5,000 24. percent, 6,000 to 10,000 34. 7 percent, and above 10,000 40. 8 percent, having a max of 50,000 from those surveyed report. Table 4. 2 Other sources of income and choice of f ast food Variable Do you have other Yes Frequency 31 19 50 Percentage (%) 62. 0 38. 0 100. 0 source of income unconnected No from your monthly Total allowance? If yes, what are the Scholarship sources? Business Relatives Others- 1 18 9 3. 2 58. 1 29. 0 9. 7 craftsmanship, 3 friends, working Total 31 100. 0 Can your additional Yes 27 14 41 65. 9 34. 1 100. 0 income motivate you to No patronize outlet? fast food TotalWhat is your choice of Forks and fingers fast food outlet on Banwill Iya-Ila 26 8 5 55. 3 17. 0 10. 6 campus? 21 Others- Captain cook, 8 New buka, Depullars Total 47 17. 0 100. 0 Table 4. 2 shows other sources of reported income. 62. 0 percent reported has having other sources of income apart from monthly allowance from home. This sources includes business ventures 58. 1 percent, relatives 29. 0 percent, scholarship 3. 2 percent, others are craftsmanship, friends and working 9. 7 percent. Additional income is also reported to be a motivating factor to patronizing fast fo od outlet 65. percent. The choice of fast food outlet are forks and fingers 55. 3 percent, banwill 17. 0 percent, Iya-Ila 10. 6 percent, others are captain cook, new buka, and depillars 17. 0 percent among surveyed respondents. Table 4. 3 Cross tabulation showing how much of monthly income or allowance goes to fast food What regions of your allowance go to fast food Income 2,000-5,000 6,000-10,000 Above 10,000 Total 5-10% 7 (63. 6%) 9 (60. 0%) 5 (26. 3%) 21 (47. 7%) 15-20% 1 (9. 1%) 4 (26. 7%) 3 (15. 8%) 8 (18. 2%) 25-30% 3 (27. 3%) 2 (13. 3%) 11 (57. 9%) 16 (35. 6%) 11 (100. %) 15 (100. 0%) 19 (100. 0%) 45 (100. 0%) Total Table 4. 3 shows a cross tabulation of how much income or allowance goes to fast food outlet. 10% of income goes to fast food outlet by those who receive between 2,000 to 5,000 naira as monthly income, 1 person reports 15 to 20 percent of income goes to fast food, and 3 person reports 25-30 percent goes to fast food. Those that receive between 6,000 to 10,000 9 p ersons reports 5 to 10 percent going to fast food, 4 persons report 15 to 20 percent goes to fast food, and 2 persons reports 25 to 30 percent goes to fast food. 22Those that receive above 10,000 naira 5 persons reports that 5 to 10 percent goes to fast food, 3 persons reports that 15 to 20 percent goes to fast food, and 11 persons reports that 25 to 30 percent of allowances goes to fast food. For those whose income falls between 2,000 to 10,000 naira, that is 63. 6 percent and 60. 0 percent, the highest percentage of income that is spent in fast food outlet is between 5 to 10 percent, while for those whose income is above 10,000 naira, 57. 9 percent of them spend a higher percentage of their income at the fast food outlet 25 to 30 percent.DISCUSSION Findings in this study suggest that the economic status can be a determining factor for students patronage of fast food outlets. This can be affirmed by the fact that respondents who receive the lowest income (2,000 5000) spend less of their income on fast food outlets i. e. 63. 6% of them spend just 10% of their income on fast food. This empirical study background can influence students patronage as can be seen in table 4. 3 where by 72. 9% of the respondents have their meals cooked by their mum, cook by other relatives while just 7%, cook their food themselves at home.This goes further to imply that greater percentage of the students do not cook by themselves. Hence, they tend patronize fast food outlets. Students who have their meals cooked by their mum tend to be lazy in preparing their own food, this can also be time-tested by the fact that 38% of respondents belief laziness contribute to the reasons why students patronize fast food outlets. This study also establish the fact that individuals gender affect the patronage of fast food outlets as more male patronized than female (68. 1% male patronize fast food outlets while 31. % female patronize it). 23 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 6. 0 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS The definition of fast food is inconsistence but equally, fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served with low preparation time. The term Fast Food was recognized by Merriam-Webster in 1951. The historical background of fast food can be traced to urban development which was deeply rooted in sociological inevitably. cock-a-hoop urban cities like United Kingdom, United state, Paris, and London witness the way out of fast food.In the traditional society, fast food is equally evident, the example of traditional meals such as Suya, Eba, and Egusi soup, Semo are sold within OAU Campus. Academic and scientific research revealed that, most undergraduate students patronize fast food outlets, which has indirectly affected their cooking culture and the level of satisfaction derived from the consumption of this fast foods. However, other relevant literatures relating to social, economic status of the students tho were also discussed. Rational choice theor y was used as a theoretical framework to explain how students make choices in order to have good grade.Despite the differences in the income level among students they still patronize fast food outlets not mining their social class and socio-economic status. This study depict that, student maintain the cost to prepare food than opting to fast food outlets. The principle on the study of McDonalization has been recorded by workers, students and managers, smell at their efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control Methodology describes the place of study, sampling technique, collection of data and processing and problems encountered in the research work.The exploratory research was carried out among the OAU students using the probability sampling, systematic procedure and the problem encountered on the research work is that most of the respondents complained that have the time to fill the questionnaires. 24 Data analysis and discussion focuses on the various results obtain fr om the survey. This study has been able to cover the social-demographic characteristics of respondent used in the survey smell at the extent to which family background affect students patronage, how gender influenced students patronage of fast food outlets. 25 6. 1 RECOMMENDATIONFrom the analysis we can see that most parent do the cooking, parent should be encouraged more to train up their wards on how to prepare meal on their own. ( They can tutor them how to prepare fast food on their own instead of buying outside). Food and nutrition should also be included in all school curriculums. Gender role of cooking should not be confined to the female child alone there should be a balance in the societal roles. This will encourage the male to also participate in cooking activities at home so that such child will be able to cook for himself/herself when they get to school.Moderate allowance should be given to student that receives more allowance because more than half of their money goes to fast food restaurant which debar them from cooking in school. 26 6. 2 CONCLUSION Conclusively, fast food should not be totally criticized because it has been a major source of survival for those that do not have the time and the skill on how to prepare meal on their own. At the same time the students should be discourage from patronizing fast food outlets. The importance of fast food on campus cannot be over emphasizes.The rise or emergence of fast food has been a source of help to social class or group. Consequently in examining the extent through which family background affect patronage of fast food, we see that most meals are often prepared by their mothers and also student who receive more income from home tend to patronize fast food than those who do not receive much. Also, those who have their meal prepare by a cook tend to patronize fast food outlet more than others who know how to prepare their meals themselves.We are able to conclude that male student patronize fast fo od outlet more than their female facsimile because of the various reason associated with this which are laziness, lack of cooking skill or time. Evidently student income level also goes a long way in affecting student patronage of fast food outlets those who receive more money from home patronize fast food more. So therefore the survey carried out shows that all these variable such as economic, family background, income level etc goes a long way in affecting student patronage of fast food outlets. 27 REFERENCESChristine Ton Nu, Patrick Macleod, Jacques Barthelemy. (1996). Effects of Age and Gender on Adolescents Food Habits and Preferences. Christine E. Blake, Carol M. Devine, Elaine Wethington, Margaret Jastran, Tracy J. Farrell, and Carole A. Bisogni. (2009). Employed Parents Satisfaction with Food-Choice Coping Strategies. Influence of Gender and Structure. Emily Kroshus, MPH. (2008). Gender, Marital Status, and commercially Prepared Food Expenditure. Ayse Ozfer Ozcelik, Lale Sa riye Akan & Metin Saip Surucuoglu. (2007). An Evaluation of Fast-Food Preferences According to Gender (2007).Humanity & Social Sciences Journal 2(1), 43-50 Aikman, S. N & Graham, D. (2006). Food attitudes, eating behaviour, and the information underlying food attitudes. Olakunle A. Ogunbameru,Bankole O. Ogunbameru (2010), Contemporary Methods in Social Research Kuntel Publisher Ooni layout,Ajebamidele Ile Ife. George Ritzer (2012) Sociological theory Eight var. publisher Mcgraw-Hill companies Inc. 121 Avenue of the Americas, New York. John Scott and Gordon Marshall (2009), Oxford Dictionary of Sociology revised edition Oxford University press. 28

Shaman as a Hero

Illustrate thoroughly the essential characteristics of the priest-doctor by referring to events in the mythical narratives ab emerge at least two ancient heroes of this type (e. g. , Gilgamesh, Herakles, and Cu Chulainn). Shaman as a Hero Traditionally, the shaman is a character in a religious position who communicates with the afterlife in some way. By altering forms of consciousness, the shaman is able to encounter and interact with the spirit world. In proto(prenominal) myths and rumors in oral literature the motif of shaman like characteristics is a trend that is evident. However, in these tales the shaman is intertwined with the stereotypical epic Hero.This creates characters that are complicated and intriguing. Tales such as The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Labors of Herakles display a bold figure that is not only strong in physique but also possesses a comprehend connection with the afterlife and the gods. With these attributes, these heroes encounter m any obstacles that r equire to a greater extent than pure brawn to overcome and gage to dark spiritual places alluding to the afterlife/ underworld. A very common tradition in these oral myths is a con betoken of either beasts or some type of wild force that inhibits the shamanistic heros culture or people from prospering.In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is faced with many challenges. One challenge particularly threatens his kingdom. at one time Gilgamesh and Enkidu have returned from their forest voyage, the goddess Ishtar becomes overcome with lust for Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh ref pulmonary tuberculosiss Ishtar and out of spite, Ishtar asks her father to send down the hog of paradise to punish him, bringing seven years of famine with it. With the help of Enkidu, Gilgamesh wrestles and kills the bull. By doing this, Gilgamesh overcomes the beast for the good of his people. Gilgameshs morality and greed is questioned but his ability as a leader never falters. His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warriors daughter nor the wife of the noble yet this is the shepherd of the city, wise, comely, and resolute. Nearly the entire tale of Herakles revolves on the hero overcoming some type of impending force, whether that be slaying the Hydra or obtaining the charge of Hippolyte. None of these tasks directly inhibit his people, but they do go game atonement for his own pain/ guiltiness that he feels for slaying his own children. The heroes epic triumphs are much more than just grand acts of cleverness and bravery, these triumphs furnish the hero a chance to grow in spirituality during their journey.Gilgameshs defeat of the Bull of Heaven results in the death of his friend Enkidu at the hands of the gods, which therefore sends him on a quest to discover himself and overcome his fear of death by speaking with Utnapishtim. On the other hand, Herakles many obstacles offer him the opportunity to put his mind at rest for his past actions. Both heroes journeys result in a f eeling of peace, accomplishment, and understanding. The Heroes in both of these epics also travel to places that seem to be of another world. By pillowcase to the afterworld/ afterlife these heroes share another shamanistic characteristic.In The Epic of Gilgamesh the hero travels far and wide in give birth care for the serve up to eternal life. Gilgamesh battles two large scorpions that guard an entry into a dark place surrounded by two mountains. In this journey he comes across a veiled tavern keeper who warns him of his bootless pursuit and sends him onward to a ferryman. This is an allusion to the River Styx, which separates the living world from the short. During the passage across the sea, the water is constantly referred to as death, and the environment continues to be ominous and haunting. This particular part of Gilgameshs journey directly relates him to the shaman.In his search for the answer to eternal life, Gilgamesh interacts with the dead and ventures to places w here no mortal had been before. Similar to Gilgamesh, Harakles also ventures to places of the undead. Herakles must travel to the Underworld to take on the vicious guard dog of Hades, Cerberus. This task is the twelfth and final labor of Harakles. In this labor, the subject area of the dead is very obvious. Herakles interacts with many souls and spirits. In particular, Herakles encounters phantoms empty of blood. This mention of bloodless creatures directly is related to the dead and life after death.This interaction displays the shaman characteristics of Herakles. Although Herakles is a brut and heroic force that is impending to any opposing challenege Herakles also shows a great sense of wisdom and understanding of the spirit world. Both of these heroes use their wisdom and shamanistic characteristics to alleviate some type of concern in their life. Herakles actions alleviate his guilt, and Gilgameshs journey alleviates his overwhelming fear of death. After reviewing and enjoying these myths, I have come to realize that Gilgamesh and Herakles are much more than just a traditional hero.Gilgamesh and Herakles are quite complex characters that have inner struggles as swell up as physical battles/ challenges. The struggles of these heroes spirituality give the reader a sense of connection to the character and offer something that can be directly related to. This spirituality also can be seen as a sense of weakness however this weakness eventually leads to an overwhelming sense of accomplishment and drives the heroes to seek out the answers that allow for the hero to become stronger in mind and physicality.